Orchidaceae is one of the largest families of flowering plants in the world. It consists of about 25,000 to 35,000 species, distributed everywhere except the poles. Orchids employ different types of strategies to accomplish sexual reproduction. India has rich biodiversity of orchids and inhabits every agro-climatic regions of the country. It is estimated that over 1300 species occur in India, and the pollination biology has been studied in only a few species. Hence, considering the diversity and endemism in orchids, research on this area is almost lacking. For sustainable conservation of orchid genetic resources, it is necessary to understand orchid and pollinator relationship, breeding system, pollination biology and many other aspects that limit reproductive success both pre- and post-pollination. Similarly, the impact of human activities on the pollination system needs to be documented for sustainable conservation of orchid genetic resources